Dave the Potter - Enslaved African-American Ceramic Artist

David Drake (1800–1874) was an influential African-American ceramic artist, born into slavery under the pottery-making families of Edgefield, South Carolina. Also known as Dave the Potter, Dave Pottery, Dave the Slave, or Dave of the Hive, he is known to have had several different owners during his lifetime, including Harvey Drake, Reuben Drake, Jasper Gibbs, and Lewis Miles. All of these men were in some way related to the ceramic entrepreneur and slaveholding brothers Reverend John Landrum and Dr. Abner Landrum. Key Takeaways: Dave the Potter Known For: Extraordinatly large signed ceramic vessels  Also known as: David Drake, Dave the Slave, Dave of the Hive, Dave PotteryBorn: ca 1800Parents: unknownDied: 1874Education: Taught to read and write; turned pots by Abner Landrum and/or Harvey DrakePublished Works: At least 100 signed pots, undoubtedly many more  Ã‚  Spouse: Lydia (?)  Children: two (?)  Notable Quote: I wonder where is all my relation \ friendship to all—and every nation Early Life What is known of Dave the Potters life is derived from census records and news stories. He was born about 1800, the child of a woman forced into slavery in South Carolina with seven other people by a Scotsman named Samuel Landrum. Dave was separated from his parents in early childhood, and nothing is known of his father, who may have been Samuel Landrum. Dave learned to read and write, and probably began working in the potteries in his late teens, learning his trade from the European-American potters. The earliest pottery vessels which bear attributes of Daves later pots date to the 1820s and were made in the Pottersville workshop. Edgefield Pottery In 1815, the Landrums established the Edgefield pottery-making district in west-central South Carolina, and by the mid-19th century, the district had grown to include 12 very large, innovative and influential ceramic stoneware factories. There, the Landrums and their families blended English, European, African, Native American, and Chinese ceramic styles, forms, and techniques to make durable, non-toxic alternatives to lead-based stonewares. It was in this environment that Dave became an important potter, or turner, eventually working in several of these factories. Dave also apparently worked for Abner Landrums newspaper The Edgefield Hive (sometimes listed as The Columbia Hive), a trade newspaper where some scholars believe he learned to read and write. Others believe it is more likely he learned from his owner Reuben Drake. Daves literacy had to have occurred before 1837 when it became illegal in South Carolina to teach slaves to read and write. Dave was owned for a time by Lewis Miles, Abners son-in-law, and he produced at least 100 pots for Miles between July 1834 and March 1864. Dave may well have produced many more, but only about 100 signed pots have survived from that period. He lived through the Civil War, and after the Emancipation, continued to work for the pottery, as David Drake, his new surname taken from one of his past masters. While that doesnt seem like very much information, Dave was one of 76 known enslaved African or African Americans who worked in the Edgefield District. We know far more about Dave the Potter than we do for the others who worked in the ceramic workshops of the Landrums because he signed and dated some of his ceramics, sometimes incising poetry, proverbs, and dedications into the clay surfaces. Marriage and Family No clear record of Daves marriage or family has been found, but when Harvey Drake died in December of 1832, his estate included four slaves: Dave, who would be sold to Reuben Drake and Jasper Gibbs for $400; and Lydia and her two children, sold to Sarah and Laura Drake for $600. In 1842, Reuben Drake, Jasper Gibbs and his wife Laura Drake, and Lydia and her children moved to Louisiana—but not Dave, who was at that time owned by Lewis Miles and working in Miles pottery. U.S. museum studies scholar Jill Beute Koverman (1969–2013) and others have speculated that Lydia and her children were Daves family, Lydia a wife or sister. Writing and Pottery Potters typically use makers marks to identify the potter, the pottery, the prospective owner, or manufacturing details: Dave added quatrains from the bible or his own eccentric poetry. One of the earliest of the poems attributed to Dave is from 1836. On a large jar made for the Pottersville foundry, Dave wrote: horses, mules and hogs / all our cows is in the bogs / there they shall ever stay / till the buzzards take them away. Burrison (2012) has interpreted this poem to refer to Daves owners selling of several of his co-workers to Louisiana. U.S. African and African American Studies professor Michael A. Chaney has connected decorative and symbolic markings on slave-produced forms of colonoware (a blend of African and Native American pottery made in the U.S.) to some marks made by Dave. Whether Daves poetry was intended as subversive, humorous or insightful is open to question: probably all three. In 2005, Koverman compiled a list of all Daves known poems. Style and Form Dave specialized in large storage jars with horizontal slab handles, used for large-scale plantation food preservation, and his pots are among the largest made during the period. At Edgefield, only Dave and Thomas Chandler made pots with such a large capacity. Some hold up to 40 gallons: and they were in high demand. Daves pots, like those of most of the Edgefield potters, were alkaline stonewares, but Daves had a rich streaky brown and green glaze, idiosyncratic to the potter. His inscriptions are the only ones known from American potters at the time, at Edgefield or away from it. Death and Legacy The last known jars made by Dave were made in January and March of 1864. The 1870 federal census lists David Drake as a 70-year-old man, born in South Carolina and a turner by trade. The next line on the census lists Mark Jones, also a potter—Jones was another potter owned by Lewis Miles, and at least one pot is signed Mark and Dave. There is no record for Dave in the 1880 census, and Koverman assumed he died before then.  Chaney (2011) lists a death date of 1874. The first jar inscribed by Dave was found in 1919, and Dave was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame in 2016. A considerable amount of scholarship on Daves inscriptions has been amassed over the past couple of decades. Chaney (2011) discusses the politically mute but commercially hypervisible status of Daves writings and focuses his attention on the poetic inscriptions, especially the somewhat subversive elements in Daves writing. American museum studies scholar Aaron DeGrofts 1988 article describes the protest contexts of Daves inscriptions; and folklorist John A. Burrison (2012) discusses the topics of Daves poetry, as part of a broader discussion of the Edgefield potteries. American archaeologist Christopher Fennell has direct archaeological investigations at the Edgefield potteries beginning in the 21st century. Perhaps the most focused research into Daves ceramics was by Jill Beute Koverman (1969–2013), who, as part of her extensive work on Edgefield pottery works cataloged and photographed well over 100 vessels marked by Dave or attributed to him. Kovermans nuanced discussion includes Daves artistic influences and training. Selected Sources Burrison, John A. South Carolinas Edgefield District: An Early International Crossroads of Clay. American Studies Journal 56 (2012).  Chaney, Michael A. The Concatenate Poetics of Slavery and the Articulate Material of Dave the Potter. African American Review 44.4 (2011): 607–18.  ---, ed. Where Is All My Relation?: The Poetics of Dave the Potter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.  De Groft, Aaron. Eloquent Vessels/Poetics of Power: The Heroic Stoneware of Dave the Potter. Winterthur Portfolio 33.4 (1998): 249–60.  Fennell, Christopher C. Innovation, Industry, and African-American Heritage in Edgefield, South Carolina. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 6.2 (2017): 55–77.Goldberg, Arthur F., and Deborah A. Goldberg. The Expanding Legacy of the Enslaved Potter-Poet David Drake. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 6.3 (2017): 243–61.  Koverman, Jill Beute. Clay Connections: A Thousand-Mile Journey from South Carolina to Texas. American Material Culture and the Texas Experience: The David B. Warren Symposium. Houston: Museum of Fine Arts, 2009. 118–45.  ---. The Ceramic Works of David Drake, Aka, Dave the Potter or Dave the Slave of Edgefield, South Carolina. American Ceramic Circle Journal 13 (2005): 83.---, ed. I Made This Jar... Dave: The Life and Works of the Enslaved African-American Potter, Dave. McKissick Museum, University of South Carolina, 1998.  Todd, Leonard. Carolina Clay: The Life and Legend of the Slave Potter Dave. New York: WW Norton, 2008.

Invisible Man Essay - 1133 Words

In American society of the early 1900s, many Blacks were still being mistreated by Whites under the separate but equal doctrine. They wanted to have the same opportunities, but the underlying racism rooted in the American culture often prevented any possibility of advancement in jobs or success in careers. The abundance of civil rights groups during this time depicts the inner conflict between the law and morality as well as constant changes in goals and identity. In Ralph Ellison’s The Invisible Man, the protagonist exemplifies inner conflict and constant fluctuation in future goals, morality, and personal opinions similar to Zbigniew’s character Mr. Cogito in his poems â€Å"On Mr. Cogito’s Two Legs† and â€Å"Mr. Cogito and the Pearl.† In â€Å"On†¦show more content†¦He charges into a fight but tries to get away when things start to get messy. While the protagonist is very similar to the Quixote side of Mr. Cogito, his identity as a whole is also comparable to the makeup of the two sides of Mr. Cogito. Though both legs are normal, the left, Sancho Panza leg is â€Å"a little on the short side,† suggesting that Mr. Cogito is also less practical and more idealistic (Zbigniew, 3). Since his legs are not even, Mr. Cogito â€Å"goes through the world staggering slightly† (Zbigniew, 29-31). Similarly, the protagonist is often unbalanced in his idealistic notions and practicality of the situation. For example, during the eviction scene, the protagonist tries to calm the angry crowd by giving a speech about how they are â€Å"law-abiding†¦and†¦slow-to-anger people† (Ellison, 275). Ideally, he thought his speech would make the crowd see reason in the situation and stop rioting against the law enforcement. However, the chaos of the crowd ends up changing the meaning of his speech and influencing him ne gatively. Instead, the change in meaning causes his speech to rile them up even more to the point that they attack the police officer. The situation results because the protagonist is too idealistic and tries to take control without knowing what the people want. Like Mr. Cogito, he is unbalanced and leans towards the Quixote side, mostly characterized by a sense of delusional idealism instead ofShow MoreRelated Invisible Man Essay: Values of the Invisible Man1267 Words   |  6 PagesValues of the Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man is the story of an educated black man who has been oppressed and controlled by white men throughout his life. As the narrator, he is nameless throughout the novel as he journeys from the South, where he studies at an all-black college, to Harlem where he joins a Communist-like party known as the Brotherhood. Throughout the novel, the narrator is on a search for his true identity. Several letters are given to him by outsiders thatRead More Invisible Man Essay: Self-Identity in Invisible Man1040 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Identity in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Invisible Man, the main character carries around a briefcase throughout the entire story. All of the possessions that he carries in that briefcase are mementos from learning experiences. Throughout the novel, the Invisible Man is searching for his identity and later discovers that his identity is in those items. As the narrator is leaving Marys house for the Brotherhood, he sees a Negro-doll bank in his room. He is angry that the dollRead More Invisible Man Essay: Invisible Man and the Pre-Made Identity1559 Words   |  7 PagesInvisible Man and the Pre-Made Identity    Society forms definitions, or stereotypes, of people according to the color of their skin, their economic status, or where they live. Stereotypes define how society believes these people should act and how they should be treated. 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Either we are invisible because we are not being noticed or we are invisible because others can not see our true identity due to expectations relating to race, gender or class. Of course the term invisible was not intended to be taken literally. The meaning of invisible in Ellison’s Invisible Man is essentially metaphorical. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the main character experiencesRead MoreEssay on Invisible Man2644 Words   |  11 PagesEquality between individuals is a primary step to prosperity under a democracy. However, does this moral continue to apply among differences and distinct characters of the total population? In the novel, Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison, the protagonists suffers from the lack of acknowledgement guaranteed to African Americans in both the North and South regions of North America during the early 1900s. The Narrator expresses the poignant problems that blacks face as he travels to the North. 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One of the narrator’s main attempts brings him to join an organization known as the Brotherhood, where he is able to utilize his talent for public speaking as an advocate for the Brotherhood and allRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Vision in Invisible Man2789 Words   |  12 PagesThe Importance of Vision in Invisible Man       Is your life at risk and endangered if you are driving with your eyes off the road?   Is it safe to walk down a dark and dangerous alley where you cannot see what is in front of you?   Would it be a good idea to walk across the street without looking both ways first?   The answer to all these questions are no.   Why?   Because in all three situations, there is a lack of vision.   So, one can conclude that vision is of great importance to the visibleRead More Invisible Man Essay: Importance of Setting1087 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Setting in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Liberty Paint Factory in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man provides the setting for a very significant chain of events in the novel.   In addition, it provides many symbols which will influence a readers interpretation.   Some of those symbols are associated with the structure itself, with Mr. Kimbro, and with Mr. Lucius Brockway.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first of many instances in these scenes that concern the invisible man and the symbolic role Invisible Man Essay - 1133 Words Invisible Man What makes us visible to others? How is it that sometimes society is completely blind to our exisitance? Either we are invisible because we are not being noticed or we are invisible because others can not see our true identity due to expectations relating to race, gender or class. Of course the term invisible was not intended to be taken literally. The meaning of invisible in Ellison’s Invisible Man is essentially metaphorical. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the main character experiences invisibility in various manners and situations. Being invisible has its advantages. If others don’t acknowlegde you then you could get away with actions that people are usualy punished with a penalty. In the book, the main character†¦show more content†¦That recongnition earned him a scholarship to college. Having a visible positive image will create paths to various types of advancement. Being visible with a positive image brings for more praises because your accomplishments will be noticed because they are expected. The conundrume of being visible is encountering a level disapointment or scrutiny that is proportional to the level of appraisal. This creates pressure to protect the positive image. If you were to make a mistake, you’re punishment or ridicule may be more servre than others who are vitrually invisible. Even worst, you may get punished for the same behavior or mistakes that go unpunished for others since erroneous acts was expected of them but not of you. There is also the case where you are visible to yourself but invisible to others. You may have a negative image that you are trying hard to dissolve. You know that you have positive capabilities, but due to expectations of others because of either past events, social status, or enthnicity, you try exceedingly hard to rise above the negative image that is rendering your identity invisible. I can relate to this situtation working as a computer technician. It is not expected that I would be as proficent in technical consulting because I am female. I tend to work harder not to show that I’m more reliable than the male employees, but so that myShow MoreRelatedInvisible Man1346 Words   |  6 PagesJanelle Clovie Dr. Blanchard AP Literature 3 November 2017 Familial Connections in Invisible Man Family. It is a very fluid yet rigid idea. It has a wealth of definitions, all of which range in degree and magnitude, and vary from person to person; yet the concept of how a family should work and operate is very concrete in most American minds. Family is a bond that is crafted every second of everyday until it is powerful, and this can shape beliefs, outlooks, and confidence. 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Throughout the novel, the Invisible Man is searching for his identity and later discovers that his identity is in those items. As the narrator is leaving Marys house for the Brotherhood, he sees a Negro-doll bank in his room. He is angry that the dollRead MoreImprovisation Of The Invisible Man1392 Words   |  6 Pagesand Composition III February 15, 2017 Improvisational Music In Invisible Man â€Å"My only sin is in my skin, What did I do to be so black and blue?† The protagonist, the invisible man, is stoned from marijuana as he listened to Armstrong s rendition of What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue and determined that invisibility gives one a slightly different sense of time, you re never quite on the beat. (Prologue.)† The invisible man respected Armstrong for making something beautiful out of invisibilityRead MoreHamlet Invisible Man1412 Words   |  6 Pagesthe need to search for . 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Stereotypes define how society believes these people should act and how they should be treated. These stereotypes are, in effect, a pre-made identity. There are three options an individual must face when presented with this pre-made identity. The individual can accept this identity as his/her own. This would maximizeRead MoreThe Brotherhoods in the Invisible Man2033 Words   |  9 PagesThe Brotherhood in the Invisible Man Brotherhoods are associations, usually of men, that unite for common purposes. The members in the brotherhood typically respect one another, defend one another, and cooperate to obtain specific goals. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States, whose goal is to create better employment opportunities for workers. Kappa Sigma and Sigma Chi are two of the largest university fraternities in the countryRead More The Invisible Man Essay964 Words   |  4 Pages The Invisible Man, by H.G. Wells, is composed of many small themes that combined to form two major themes in the novel. Some of the minor themes are acting before thinking and denial of unexplainable events. It is based on the two major themes of science experiments gone wrong and the ignorance of society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most important theme in the novel was the experiment that Griffin, the invisible man, was working and it was not going exactly as planned. The way that the experiment

Research for Human Resource Management Activities free essay sample

With increasing globalization, most multinational corporations can not avoid cross-culture management issues. Especially, cross-cultural human resource management (HRM) has becoming one of the critical operating strategies. And in this paper, we will mainly analyze the current situation of human resource management activities that include selection and recruitment, training and development, and performance management in the Chinese and Australian cultural background. We aimed to find out the differences of human resource management activities between Chinese and Australian human resource department, and look forward to helping a Sino-Australia joint venture (JV) enterprise which is poor at cross-cultural human resource management. Culture forms values, creates attitudes, and influences behavior (Luthans Jonathan, 2009). Due to national traits and region of culture, the interaction between different cultures is considered as cross-culture. And under the cross cultural background, international human resource management should carry out the activities of human resource management based on characteristics and differences of culture (Ramamoorthy et al. , 2005), which could increase the efficiency of human resource distribution and utilization. According to the Hofstede’s theory, we have got five cultural dimensions which as power distance, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus feminism, and long term orientation versus short term orientation (Hofstede, 1984). China and Australia have obvious differences in the cultural dimensions, which are showed as follows. Comparison of China and Australia on cultural dimensions cultural dimensions |China |Australia | |power distance |high |low | |individualism |low(collectivism) |high | |uncertainty avoidance |low |high | |masculinity |balanced |above the average(masculinity) | |long-term |high |low(short-term) | Source: From Hofstede and Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. And then we will analyze the activities of human resource management as selection and recruitment, training and development and performance management under their respective cultural backgrounds. Firstly, in selection and recruitment human resource activities, there is a large difference between HRM of Chinese enterprises and Australian enterprises. In Australia, the labor pool is relatively mature and developed (Dobbie MacMillan, 2012). Because of Australia is supposed to value individualism, the HRM of Australian companies used to selecting and recruiting much people depend on market mechanism. Labors change their job and joined choice making with the need of market and the HRM think the person is wanted by them can be got through the mobility of trained personnel and market competition. They do not think this kind of person is disloyal to a company in their mind. But China emphasizes socialist collectivism as the value of the times. And in the case of collectivism, the HRM of Chinese enterprises tends to select and recruit the talents in the range of their favorable groups, they think the groups of graduates from famous colleges that should have the inherent abilities. So the degrees from domestic-famous such as Tsinghua and Peking University would be preferred by HRM. Furthermore, the HRM of Chinese enterprises attach great importance to ‘Guanxi’ (relationship) in the selection and recruitment of employee (Wang Cindy, 2008). And by the impacts of ‘Guanxi’, the HRM of Chinese enterprises trend to create a job in order to accommodate a person, without considering persons ability. So these situations have been a contrast with fair competition rules of Australian HRM. On the other hand, Australia is a short-term oriented country, the relationship between HR managers and staff is simple which is similar to a buyer-seller relation in short term. The manager of human resource department generally prefers candidates who have strong capacity to work and innovative consciousness. On the contrast, the long-term oriented Chinese HRM focuses on employee royalty, and try to reduce the rate of staff turnover. They expect employees to work steadily in long term, instead of frequent turnover behaviors in the workplace. Furthermore, because of the high power distance, in the standard of personnel selection in Chinese HRM, they mainly focus on personal background and seniority (Zhang, 2003). There is an obvious top-down hierarchy; the higher position is decided often by strong background and seniority. However, in the Australian HRM, the first is that personal ability to work and communicate. The job is offered to the person who is capable, and the manager of human resource department offered the qualified person an opportunity to move ahead quickly. Secondly, in the parts of training and development, there are also some differences between Australian and Chinese HRM because of the impact of different cultural dimensions. Under the influence of collectivism culture, what contents the Chinese enterprises use to train their employees generally have to meet the organizations development goals . Most employees accept their superiors’ arrangement of the job training ,which mainly provides them with the skills training aiming at the skills that their job needs (Xiao et. al, 2011). This kind of job training is only beneficial to employment needed skills. Furthermore, being influenced by the high power distance, in the training process, the employees who are being trained are under high pressure from their superiors and have to accept the arrangement of training. Because most of the trainings are passively accepted, obviously it doesnt work to take the ways of high participation training in China. Under the influence of individualism culture, the HRM of Australian enterprise lays stress on the career training and continuous education. The training was provided by HRM for their employees usually can help the employees to achieve their personal goals, but may be far away from the whole organization development vision, but beneficial to the employees’ personal future careers. And in such a low power distance country like Australia, the employees who are being trained appear more active in the training process. They are more willing to show themselves, and actively express their ideas; meanwhile, they are good at communicating with the coach. Thirdly, in the part of performance management, there are also some differences between Australian and Chinese HRM. Being influenced by the high power distance, in Chinese enterprise, the performance management system is usually built by the top manager, so the top manager decides the performance standards and evaluation criteria. There is a low involvement of employees. However, with the lower power distance, employee could participate in the performance system building, the employee and HR manger could come together to develop a performance management system. Australian advocate individualism, and emphasize personal achievements and rights. But in a country emphasizing collectivism culture as China, the values of pursuing the harmonious atmosphere makes the interpersonal relations in the collective obviously more important than individual achievements. When it comes to the performance evaluation, Australian emphasize standardized and quantified performance evaluation system, hoping that they can objectively measure individual contribution and value, while Chinese prefer the traditional way of evaluation which usually depends on experience because they don’t want to destroy the harmonious unity of their collective (Rajendar Ma, 2005) . And on the other hand, in Australian enterprise, the compensation system depends on the staff function and ability with low power distance. In this system, it is not unusual that employee with special skills or talents could get more compensation and bonus than manager in higher position. But in Chinese enterprise, the compensation system mainly focuses on job grade and employment level. There is a clear rank in the compensation system. In conclusion,  it’s very easy to find that main differences in the activities of human resource management between Chinese and Australian enterprises from what has been mentioned above. So far, for a Sino-Australia joint venture enterprise, it is necessary to combine comprehensive considerations cultural background of China and Australia for carrying out the human resource management activities. Furthermore, the joint venture enterprise should place great emphasis on building of enterprise culture and foster cohesion and centripetal force enterprises. Usually successful enterprise has excellent enterprise culture which enables employees to establish common values and standard of behaviors (Deem, 2009), it built a great channel between the parent-country nationals and host-country nationals to communicate more smoothly, that is helpful to minimize any culture clash. And in order to achieve optimal allocation of human resources under the context of international, Of course, there will be also many challenges and hardships along the way.

What Is Bullying free essay sample

The book Under The Bridge tells a true story about the murder of a young girl from British Columbia, Canada:† It has been a long road to justice for Reena Virk, beaten and murdered at the hands of her teenage peers. The murder of this girl is one of the most notorious and heartbreaking cases in Canadian history. Here, for the first time, acclaimed author Rebecca Godfrey reveals the stunning truth about a Canadian tragedy that captured international headlines. Who were the seemingly ordinary suburban teenagers who found themselves under the bridge in Victoria, BC, on the night of November 14, 1997? Why would a girl who longed to be their friend be beaten and killed? And how did so many teenagers keep terrible secrets from parents, teachers and police for eight days? These are the questions all of us have been asking, and in Under the Bridge the answers are revealed in a stunning narrative. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Bullying? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Godfrey spent six years researching the case, conducting exclusive interviews with parents, classmates, police, prosecutors and, perhaps most importantly, several of the youths, including Warren Glowatski, one of the twoteenagers convicted of murdering Virk. Godfrey also witnessed firsthand the many trials of Kelly Ellard, also found guilty of killing a girl who just wanted to fit in†. (Godfrey, Rebecca. Under The Bridge. N. p. : Pocket Books, 2007. N. pag. Print. The word â€Å"bullying† would always be in my mind throughout my reading of Rebecca Godfrey’s â€Å"Under The Bridge†, so I decided to make bullying my essay topic. So what is bullying? Kids Help Phone describes bullying as â€Å"Bullying is the name we give to any negative, aggressive action that hurts, humiliates, demeans, frightens or excludes someone. † The web page also explains that there are different types of bullying and gives examples of each. Physical bullying, social bullying, emotional bullying, discriminatory bullying, and cyber bullying are all forms of bullying. Physical bullying involves hitting, shoving, pushing, and other types of force. Emotional bullying involves hurtful comments, teasing, and name calling. Social bullying involves excluding someone or spreading rumours. Discriminatory bullying targets people because of their sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender identification, or religion. Discriminatory bullying attacks someone because of who they are. Cyber bullying involves internet and cellphones. (What is Bullying?. Kids Help Phone. N. p. , Oct. 2012. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. lt;http://www. idshelpphone. ca/Teens/InfoBooth/Bullying/What-is-bullying. aspxgt;). Another question that came to my mind was â€Å"Why do kids bully? †. I came up with many answers and ideas. I went to Empowering Parents to put my answers together. An article on that website states: â€Å"Why do some kids turn to bullying? The answer is simple: it solves their social problems. After all, its easier to bully somebody than to work things out, manage your emotions, and learn to solve problems. Bullying is the proverbial â€Å"easy way out,† and sadly, some kids take it. (Lehman, James. The Secret Life of Bullies: Why They Do It- and How to Stop Them. Empowering Parents: Child Behaviour Help. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. lt;http://www. empoweringparents. com/Why-Do-Kids-Children-Teens-Bully-and-How-to-Stop-Bullies. php#gt;. ) Lacking skills to problem solve in an effective way also creates bully like behavior. Aggression is used to get one’s way. This behaviour can be learned by example and is used to replace the social skills one should develop in grade school. Development of bullying can also stem from learning disabilities (diagnosed or undiagnosed) which prevents the child from learning both social and problem-solving skills. Bullying often occurs because people try to fit in or because they do not want to be a victim, so they join in too. Bullying often happens amongst peers. Bullying affects the victim. It can make the victim feel self-conscious, shy, or unsure. Victims can also become sad or depressed. Once a person has been bullied, they may hesitate to participate in situations where he or she might be ridiculed, such as in public speaking or in Visports. A bullying victim might even begin to possess previously absent anxious behavior. Victims may become depressed and see no worth in themselves, they may think that there is no way out of their torment. Some victims find that suicide is the only way out. On the other hand, the victims can develop resentment and may seek revenge through acts of violence against the bully and other instigators. As a result of bullying, people can lose their ability to love and trust, denying them the chance to experience